Valkenburg Castle

Valkenburg Castle is a ruin on a hill above the town of Valkenburg aan de Geul in South Limburg, and it is often described as the only castle in the Netherlands built on a hilltop. In a country that is mostly flat, that sets it apart: most Dutch castles stand on level ground and rely on moats for defence, while this fortress used the natural slope to dominate the valley of the Geul. The ruins can be explored on foot and give a feeling of how a medieval stronghold looked and worked.

The castle dates back to the Middle Ages, with a first fortress built in the twelfth century by the lords of Valkenburg, who controlled the area and the trade routes through it. The castle grew in importance as the lords gained wealth and influence, and later passed to other rulers. It saw many sieges during its life, including attacks in the wars of the Middle Ages, and it was rebuilt and strengthened more than once. The view from the walls shows why the site was chosen.

The end came in 1672. During the war against France, Dutch forces under Stadtholder William III, concerned that the fortress might fall into enemy hands, blew up the defences, and the castle was left in ruins. It was never rebuilt as a fortress, and over time it became a picturesque ruin, which attracted visitors in the nineteenth century and later. Today the remains of towers, walls and a gatehouse can be seen, along with underground passages and displays about the history.

Valkenburg is a busy tourist town, and the castle is one of several attractions. Caves cut into the soft local limestone, including the Velvet Cave and the Municipal Cave, offer cool underground walks with carvings and wall paintings. Thermal baths provide relaxation, and the town has narrow streets, cafes and a famous Christmas market held in the caves. The Cauberg hill, known from the Amstel Gold Race cycling classic, rises above the town.

The castle suits families, history lovers and walkers. The climb from the town is short but steep. Wear sturdy shoes, check opening times and prices, and consider visiting early in the day to avoid crowds in summer.